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(詳細はphonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted). For discussion of other dialects, see Russian dialects. Most descriptions of Russian describe it as having five vowel phonemes, though there is some dispute over whether a sixth vowel, , is separate from . Russian has 34 consonants, which can be divided into two sets: * ''hard'' (твёрдый ) or ''plain'' * ''soft'' (мягкий ) or ''palatalized'' Russian has vowel reduction in unstressed syllables. This feature is found in English, but not in most other Slavic languages, such as Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian. ==Vowels== Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, and in some analyses , but only two or three vowels in unstressed syllables: after hard consonants and after soft ones. A long-standing dispute among linguists is whether Russian has five vowel phonemes or six; that is, scholars disagree as to whether constitutes an allophone of or if there is an independent phoneme . The five-vowel analysis, taken up by the Moscow school, rests on the complementary distribution of and , with the former occurring after hard (non-palatalized) consonants and elsewhere. The six-vowel view, held by the Saint-Petersburg (Leningrad) phonology school, points to several phenomena to make its case: *Native Russian speakers' ability to articulate in isolation (for example, in the names of respective letters, and ),〔See, for example, ; ; . The traditional name of , ''еры'' ''yery''; since 1961 this name has been replaced from the Russian school practice (compare the 7th and 8th editions of the standard textbook of Russian for 5th and 6th grades: , and .〕 *Rare instances of word-initial (including the minimal pair икать 'to produce the sound и' and ыкать 'to produce the sound ы'), as well as borrowed names and toponyms, like Ыб , the name of a river and several villages in the Komi Republic. *Morphological alternations like готов ('ready' predicate, m.) and готовить ('to get ready' trans.) between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants. The most popular view among linguists (and that taken up in this article) is that of the Moscow school, though Russian pedagogy has typically taught that there are six ''vowels'' (the term ''phoneme'' is not used).〔See, for example, ; ; ; 〕 Reconstructions of Proto-Slavic show that *i and *y (which correspond to and ) were separate phonemes. On the other hand, numerous alternations between the two sounds in Russian indicate clearly that at one point the two sounds were reanalyzed as allophones of each other. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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